Tag Archives: water crisis

China: facing up to groundwater crisis

Researchers call for effective monitoring and management of water resources.

A crisis is developing beneath China’s thirsty farms and cities, but no one knows its full extent. With about 20% of the world’s population but only about 5–7% of global freshwater resources, China draws heavily on groundwater. Those reserves are being depleted at an alarming rate in some regions and are badly polluted in many others, warned experts last week at the International Groundwater Forum 2010 conference in Beijing.

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Asia: in the grip of water crisis, says Asian Development Bank

Asia is in the grip of a water crisis that could effect economic growth if left unresolved, said Arjun Thapan, special adviser to Asian Development Bank (ADB) president Harukiko Kuroda on water and infrastructure issues. Thapan was speaking at the 2010 Singapore International Water Week.

“We believe that the estimate recently made about Asia having a 40 percent gap between demand and supply by 2030 is a reasonable estimate.”

With 80 percent of Asia’s water used to irrigate agricultural lands, the shortage could have serious implications for food supplies, [Thapan] warned.

Between 10 and 15 percent of Asia’s water is consumed by industry.

Thapan said that the efficiency of water usage in agriculture and industry has improved by only one percent a year since 1990.

Without radically improving the rate of efficiency of water use both in agriculture and in industry, the gap between demand and supply will not be closed in 2030, Thapan added.

To manage water usage well, people should be charged for the volume that they consume, regardless of whether water is managed by a private company or a public entity, said Thapan.

“Water cannot any longer be seen as a free and never-ending natural resource. It is a finite resource,” he said.

Asia’s rapidly burgeoning cities are key economic drivers, but many are also inefficient water users.

Singapore’s National Development Minister Mah Bow Tan said that every day about 200,000 people are migrating for rural to urban areas.

Every three days, the equivalent of a new city the size of Seattle or Amsterdam emerges, said Mah, adding that by 2050, 70 percent of the global population will be living in cities, up from 50 percent currently.

Thapan said that “unless you measure the water that is being used, and you price that water, there is no way in which you can manage the demand.”

Thapan said lessons can be learned about water reuse and conservation from Singapore and Israel.

Surface water pollution caused by untreated wastewater is an problem in Asia.

Of the 412 rivers in the Philippines, 50 are biologically dead, [Thapan] he said. Between 2.0 billion and 2.5 billion dollars is needed to clean up Manila Bay and Pasig River in Manila alone.

In China, India, and the Philippines, among other Asian countries, the total availability of water per person per year has fallen below 1,700 cubic metres – the global threshold for water stress, a situation where water demand exceeds the available amount during a certain period.

About 50 percent of China’s Yellow River is so polluted it cannot support agriculture, and over 50 percent of the surface water in the country’s Hai river basin is not fit for any use, Thapan said.

Source: AFP / Independent, 05 Jul 2010

Bangladesh: Army to help Dhaka water authority

Army personnel will officially be tasked with helping Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority ease the persisting water crisis in the capital during the current heat wave. The government decided on March 29 to engage troops to cooperate with WASA from April 1, but a request from army headquarters to the LGRD ministry and Dhaka WASA postponed the engagement. The move follows angry protests earlier this month by residents who have been facing an acute water crisis. The army men would maintain security and manage smooth supply of water at every zone across the capital.

WASA sources said it currently produces some 1,900 million litres of water a day, whereas the demand goes up to 2,200 litres during summer.

The water shortage has led to a spike in water-borne diseases. Since 1 April, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases and Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) has admitted 900-1,000 patients a day, compared to a normal average of 250-300.

About 87 percent of Dhaka residents receive piped water, mostly from deep tube wells, according to DWASA, with the rest dependent on surface water that is treated.

But ongoing power shortages have made it impossible to pump from lower depths what is needed, with an increasing number of residents complaining about the quality and smell of water coming out of their taps.

Source: South Asia Media Net, 7 Apr 2010 ; IRIN, 19 Apr 2010

Philippines: poor most vulnerable to water crisis

Nacionalista Party standard-bearer Manny Villar warned of a looming crisis on safe drinking water, saying the poor will most likely be vulnerable to the scarcity of the life-sustaining resource.

Villar sounded the alarm in the observance of the World Water Day, which emphasized water quality in its awareness campaign “Clean Water for a Healthy World.”

“Less and less of our people have access to clean, safe drinking water.

“The proliferation of purified water stations in the country’s major cities says it all – what used to be free, as God would want it to be, now costs almost similarly (depending on where you buy it) to petroleum derivatives such as kerosene and diesel. You could just imagine its impact on the population which is predominantly poor,” Villar said.

A 2009 report of the Leadership Group on Water Security in Asia claimed that Asia’s water problems are severe – one out of five people (700 million) does not have access to safe drinking water and half of the region’s population (1.8 billion people) lacks access to basic sanitation.

The report said that as population growth and urbanization rates in the region rise, the stress on Asia’s water resources is rapidly intensifying.

“With the onslaught of the El Niño phenomenon, our problems on rice and crops production threatening our food security have just been compounded.

“We simply cannot survive without clean drinking water, and it is intrinsically linked to health and sanitation, and poverty alleviation. Eventually, it is the poor that will bear the brunt of potable water shortage,” added Villar.

[...] “The next government should make it a priority issue and must pave the way – either through increased public investment or partnership with the private sector, for access to safe water and sanitation.

“Investments in support of infrastructure for generation and distribution must be fasttracked, and the government must extend its efforts to privatize water services outside of Metro Manila,” he said.

He added that government should make drastic efforts to implement environmental laws that seek to protect and preserve our natural resources. He said that our water problem has been aggravated by pollution and unjustifiable destruction of forests and wetlands.

Meanwhile the Department of Health (DOH) reminded the public to make sure that their drinking water is safe in the face of an impending water crisis, and in observance of the “Clean Water & Energy Week”.

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo earlier declared, through Presidential Proclamation No. 23, that March 22-28 is “Clean Water & Energy Week for a Healthy World” in support of the United Nations Declaration marking March 22 as “World Day for Water”.

“Make your drinking water safe by bringing it to a rolling boil for at least two minutes,” said DOH Secretary Esperanza Cabral, adding that this will kill bacteria and other micro-organisms that cause diarrhea and other food- and water-borne diseases.

Cabral also reiterated that personal hygiene practices such as washing hands after using the toilet and before and after handling food can be of huge help in the prevention of disease.

Food- and water-borne diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever, are some of the leading cases of morbidity and mortality in the country.

“Giving attention to clean and safe drinking water is all the more important given the looming water supply shortage due to El Nino,” she said. (PNA)

Source: PNA / Balita, 23 Mar 2010 ;

India: praying for rain as water wars break out

The monsoon is late, the wells are running dry and in the teeming city of Bhopal, water supply is now a deadly issue. In Bhopal’s Sanjay Nagar slum, three members of the Malviya family were hacked to death by angry neighbours who accused them of stealing water.

Across much of northern India, a late monsoon and the driest June for 83 years are exacerbating the effects of a widespread drought. India’s vast farming economy is on the verge of crisis. The lack of rain has hit northern areas most, but even in Mumbai, which has experienced heavy rainfall and flooding, authorities were forced to cut the water supply by 30% in the beginning of July 2009, as levels in the lakes serving the city ran perilously low.

Across the country, from Gujarat to Hyderabad, in Andhra Pradesh, the state that claims to be “the rice bowl of India”, special prayers have been held for more rain after cumulative monsoon season figures fell 43% below average. India’s agriculture minister, Sharad Pawar, said the country was facing a drought-like situation that was a “matter for concern”, with serious problems developing in states such as Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

In Bhopal, the population of 1.8 million has been rationed to 30 minutes of water supply every other day since October 2008. That became one day in three as the monsoon failed to materialise. In nearby Indore the ration is half an hour’s supply every seven days.

Fights break out regularly in Bhopal, where 100,000 people rely solely on water tankers. [...] Not everyone gets a tanker delivery. The city has 380 registered slums, but there are numerous other shanties where people have to find their own methods. Some, like the Malviyas, tap into the main supply. Others cluster around the ventilation valves for the main pipelines that stick up out of the ground from place to place, trying to catch the small amounts of water leaking out. In the Balveer Nagar slum, 250 families have no supply at all. The women get up in the middle of the night to walk 2km to the nearest pumping station, where someone has removed a couple of bricks from the base to allow a steady flow of water to pour out.

A few communities have received help from non-governmental organisations. In the Arjun Nagar slum, a borewell has been drilled down 115 metres by Water Aid to provide water for 100 families, each paying 40 rupees (50p) a month. [...] Water Aid is working in 17 of the city’s 380 registered slums, providing water and sanitation.

Source: Guardian, 12 Jul 2009 ; BBC, 07 Jul 2009

Pakistan: water crisis – running on empty

Water availability in Pakistan has plummeted from about 5,000 cubic meters per capita in the early 1950s to less than 1500 m3 per capita today. Presently, more than 90 percent of these dwindling water resources are used for irrigation and other agricultural needs.

On 20 November 2008, the Asia Program of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, with assistance from the Environmental Change and Security Program and the Comparative Urban Studies Project, convened a conference to highlight the different facets of Pakistan’s water crisis; to examine the rural and urban dimensions of the crisis; and to consider possible responses.

In her opening address, the Hisaar Foundation’s Simi Sadaf Kamal provided a comprehensive overview of Pakistan’s water challenges. These include inefficient irrigation, abysmal urban sanitation facilities, unequal water rights-and the country’s rapidly disappearing water resources.

[...] Sarah J. Halvorson of the University of Montana traced the intersections of water, gender, and health in rural Pakistan. [T]he challenges of securing water in rural Pakistan have grown since the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, which displaced mountain residents and forced them into tent villages. Furthermore, Pakistani rural women face “an unprecedented crisis” in water and sanitation-from unsafe drinking water to water-borne disease.

[...] MIT’s James L. Wescoat Jr. noted that Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city, has often had a reliable supply of water for only four hours a day, and asked what a water-conserving design for Pakistan would actually look like. Rainwater harvesting, constructed wetlands, advanced pond and lagoon systems, and a new emphasis on water-use efficiency must all be part of the solution, he posited.

[...] Cal State’s Anita Chaudhry, who shifted the focus to the problems of groundwater overexploitation and pollution in Lahore, [...] concluded [that Pakistanis], must pay far more attention to sustaining a balance between agricultural and urban users of water, between rich and poor consumers, and between the water needs of the current generation and those of the future.

[...] Samia Altaf, the Wilson Center’s current Pakistan Scholar, [...] argued that Pakistan’s failure to provide its citizens with safe drinking water has not been due to a lack of financial resources [but to a lack of] accountability and an engaged citizenry.

[A] number of practical and relatively simple suggestions also emerged from the conference discussions, including reducing irrigation water through the use of water-conserving agricultural technology; pursuing water-conserving building design methods in urban areas; and diversifying Pakistan’s water portfolio by harvesting rainwater.

Source: Michael Kugelman and Robert M. Hathaway, Wilson Center

Running on Empty: Pakistan’s Water Crisis, 20 Nov 2008, Woodrow Wilson Center, USA

Organised by: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
November 20 2008, 8:45 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.
Location: Washington, DC, USA

A conference cosponsored by the Asia Program, the Environmental Change and Security Program, and the Comparative Urban Studies Project.

CONFERENCE AGENDA

Introduction
Robert M. Hathaway, director, Asia Program, Woodrow Wilson Center

Opening Address
Address by Simi Sadaf Kamal, chairperson, Hisaar Foundation
Pakistan’s Water Challenges: Entitlement, Access, Efficiency, and Equity

Panel I: The Water Crisis in Pakistan’s Countryside

Feisal Khan, assistant professor, Department of Economics, Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Water, Governance, and Corruption in Pakistan

Sarah J. Halvorson, associate professor of geography, University of Montana
Intersections of Water, Health, and Gender in Rural Pakistan

Adrien Couton, water portfolio manager, Acumen Fund
Tackling Pakistan’s Water Crisis: An Entrepreneurial Approach

Address by Kaiser Bengali, national coordinator, Benazir Income Support Programme, government of Pakistan
Water Management Under Constraints: The Need for a Paradigm Shift

Panel II: The Water Crisis in Pakistan’s Cities

James L. Wescoat, Aga Khan Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Water Scarcity, Shortages, and Conservation in Urban Pakistan

Anita Chaudhry, assistant professor of economics, California State University, Chico
Securing Sustainable Access to Safe Drinking Water in Lahore

Samia Altaf, Pakistan Scholar, Woodrow Wilson Center
Public Health Aspects of Pakistan’s Water Crisis

Please RSVP by close of business on November 18 (acceptances only) to asia@wilsoncenter.org or to (202) 691-4059

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